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1、In Scrum, a(n) _____ is a useful object created by people.
artifact
2、Sprint planning is part of the basic ______.
Scrum framework
3、A(n) _____ is a Scrum artifact and consists of the highest-priority items from the product backlog to be completed in a sprint.
sprint backlog
4、Accountants define _____ as a resource sacrificed or foregone to to achieve a specific objective.
cost
5、The _____ of project management includes quality, scope, time, and cost constraints.
quadruple constraint
6、Creating the _____ involves subdividing the major project deliverables into smaller, more manageable components.
WBS
7、Some projects have a senior manager called a(n) _____ who acts as a key advocate for a project.
champion
8、In a project schedule, the variable that has the least amount of flexibility is _____.
time
9、A(n) _____ refers to a product or service, such as a report, a training session, a piece of hardware, or a segment of software code, produced or provided as part of a project.
deliverable
10、_____ is the tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger and bigger.
Scope creep
11、In practice, many people find that using a combination or hybrid approach involving analogous, bottom up, and/or parametric modeling provides the best _____.
cost estimates
12、_____ are people involved in or affected by project activities and include the project sponsor, project team, support staff, customers, users, suppliers, and even opponents to the project.
Stakeholders
13、The main outputs of scope definition are the _____ and project document updates.
project scope statement
14、The _____ index is the ratio of earned value to planned value.
schedule performance
15、A(n) _____ is a schematic display of the logical relationships among project activities and
network diagram
16、High-end tools are generally licensed on a(n) _____ basis.
per-user
17、_____ is the difference between planned and actual performance.
Variance
18、A(n) _____ Gantt chart compares planned and actual project schedule information.
Tracking
19、When using project management software, estimates of work time should be entered only at the work package level; the rest of the WBS items are just groupings or _____ tasks.
summary
20、_____ involves controlling changes to the project scope while keeping project goals and business strategy in mind.
Scope control
21、In addition to providing input for budgetary estimates, the process of _____ provides a cost baseline.
cost budgeting
22、High-end tools in project management software have enterprise and _____ functions that summarize and combine individual project information to provide an enterprise view of all projects.
portfolio management
23、_____ software development can be used for software development or in any environment in which the requirements are unknown or change quickly.
Agile
24、The cost performance index can be used to calculate the _____ which gives an approximate cost of completing a project based on performance to date.
estimate at completion
25、The three spheres of systems management are business, organization, and _____.
technology
26、_____ refers to all the work involved in creating the products of the project and the processes used to create them.
Scope
27、A drawback of using _____ or sample files is that managers and their teams might rely heavily on them and ignore unique concerns for their particular projects.
templates
28、_____ includes the processes involved in defining and controlling what work is or is not included in a project.
Project scope management
29、A(n) _____ is a document that describes detailed information about each WBS item.
WBS dictionary
30、In a network diagram, a(n) _____ is the starting and ending point of an activity.
node
31、The main outputs of the _____ process are a cost performance baseline, project funding requirements, and project document updates.
cost budgeting
32、A major element of good practice concerns _____, which addresses the authority and control for key IT activities in organizations, including IT infrastructure, IT use, and project management.
IT governance
33、Duration estimates can be provided as a discrete number, a range, or as a(n) _____.
three-point estimate
34、Ethics is a set of principles that guides decision making based on _____ of what is considered right and wrong.
personal values
35、_____ costing helps to see a big-picture view of the cost of a project throughout its life cycle.
Life cycle
36、_____ refers to the degree to which rules, policies, and direct supervision are used to oversee employee behavior.
Control
37、In the activity defining process, the project team should review the _____ and activity attributes with project stakeholders before moving on to the next step in project schedule management.
activity list
38、Until the 1980s, project management primarily focused on providing _____ and resource data to top management in the military, computer, and construction industries.
schedule
39、The activity list should include the _____, an activity identifier, and a brief description of the activity.
activity name
40、A(n) _____ is a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines its total scope.
WBS
41、The _____ life cycle model is used when risk must be tightly controlled and when changes must be restricted after the requirements are defined.
waterfall
42、_____ refer to “conditions or capabilities that must be met by the project or present in the product, service, or result to satisfy an agreement or other formally imposed specification.”
Requirements
43、A(n) _____ is a meeting held at the beginning of a project so that stakeholders can meet each other, review the goals of the project, and discuss future plans.
kick-off meeting
44、The main outputs of _____ include work performance information, schedule forecasts, change requests, project management plan updates, and project documents updates.
schedule control
45、In a(n) _____ organizational structure, project managers have little or no authority.
functional
46、A hierarchy is used to show the levels of _____ in the WBS.
task
47、_____ is a process for identifying and modeling business events, who initiated them, and how the system should respond to them.
Use case modeling
48、The question, “What unique product, service, or result does the customer or sponsor expect from the project?” is an example of a(n) _____ constraint.
scope
49、Project management _____ describe the key competencies that project managers must develop.
knowledge areas
50、A(n) _____ is a cross-functional team of five to nine people who organize themselves and the work to produce the desired results for each sprint.
Scrum team
51、A(n) _____ determines the early start and early finish dates for each activity in a project.
forward pass
52、A(n) _____ is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result.
project
53、Soft skills are also known as _____ skills.
human relations
54、A project’s sponsor is also known as a(n) _____.
primary customer
55、The _____ life cycle model is suitable for projects in which changes can be incorporated with reasonable cost increases or acceptable time delays.
spiral
56、The _____ is based on the fact that any complex system at any point in time often has only one aspect or constraint that limits its ability to achieve more of its goal.
Theory of Constraints
57、Passing the CPA exam is a standard for accountants. Similarly, passing the PMP exam is becoming a standard for _____.
project managers
58、The main outputs of _____are the project scope statement and updates to project documents.
scope definition
59、_____ is a project performance measurement technique that integrates scope, time, and cost data.
Earned value management
60、A(n) _____ is a document that includes stakeholders’ roles, names, organizations, and contact information.
stakeholder register
61、The _____ is a tabulation of activities to be included on a project schedule.
activity list
62、Project _____ management includes estimating how long it will take to complete the work, developing an acceptable project schedule, and ensuring timely completion of a project.
schedule
63、The main tool for performing scope validation is _____ and group decision making techniques.
inspection
64、A(n) _____ is a framework for describing the phases of developing information systems.
SDLC
65、Some organizations prescribe the form and content for WBSs for particular projects. These are known as _____.
guidelines
66、The _____ includes the approved project scope statement and its associated WBS and WBS dictionary.
scope baseline
67、In project management, the three limitations of scope, time, and cost are referred to as the _____.
triple constraint
68、_____ involves developing a working replica of the system or some aspect of the system.
Prototyping
69、SMART criteria are guidelines suggesting that milestones should be _____.
Specific, Measurable, Assignable, Realistic, Time-framed
70、_____ addresses the business, technological, and organizational issues associated with creating, maintaining, and modifying a system.
Systems management
71、A(n) _____ is a time-phased budget that project managers use to measure and monitor cost performance.
cost baseline
72、The _____ frame of the organization is the one that is usually depicted in an organizational chart.
structural
73、The term "_____" refers to work done in organizations to sustain the business.
Operations
74、_____ are short descriptions written by customers of what they need a Scrum system to do for them.
User stories
75、_____ is a technique that uses branches radiating out from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas when creating a WBS.
Mind mapping
76、A(n) _____ is the person responsible for the business value of the project and for deciding what work to do and in what order when using a Scrum method.
product owner
77、A(n) _____ estimate is done very early in a project or even before a project is officially started.
rough order of magnitude (ROM)
78、The main output of the planning cost management process is a(n) _____.
cost management plan
79、A white diamond on a Tracking Gantt chart represents a(n) _____.
slipped milestone
80、In the _____ approach to creating a WBS, team members first identify as many specific tasks related to the project as possible.
bottom-up
81、The ultimate goal of developing a realistic project schedule is to provide a basis for monitoring project progress for the _____ dimension of the project.
time
82、The most time and money should be spent on ______.
executing
83、A(n) _____ is a set period of time, normally two to four weeks, during which specific work must be completed and made ready for review when using Scrum methods.
sprint
84、In project schedule management, the process of _____ involves deciding how many people, equipment, and materials a project team should use to perform project activities.
estimating activity resources
85、“What is the project’s budget?” This is an example of a project’s _____ constraint.
cost
86、A(n) _____ for a project is the series of activities that determine the earliest time by which the project can be completed.
critical path
87、_____ involves the processes required to ensure timely completion of a project.
Project schedule management
88、A cost management plan is a subsidiary of the _____ plan.
project management
89、If done well, the _________ can produce several releases of useful software.
agile approach
90、A(n) _____ is an overall model for thinking about things as systems.
systems philosophy
91、The _____ is the measure of work performed expressed in terms of the budget authorized for that work.
earned value
92、_____ occurs when a resource works on more than one task at a time.
Multitasking
93、_____ tools, a step up from low-end tools, are designed to handle larger projects, multiple users, and multiple projects.
Midrange
94、The cost incurred for the work performed on an activity during a specific time period is known as the _____.
actual cost
95、_____ refers to the process in which organizations group and manage projects and programs as a portfolio of investments that contribute to the entire enterprise’s success.
Project portfolio management
96、Project costs, like project schedules, grow out of the basic documents that initiate a project, like the _____.
project charter
97、________ are a means of measuring software size based on what the software does for end users.
Function points
98、_____ theory states that when many items are produced repetitively, the unit cost of those items decreases in a regular pattern as more units are produced.
Learning curve
99、Three general classifications of organizational structures are _____, project, and matrix.
functional
100、A(n) _____ describes how things should be done.
methodology
101、_____ refers to the degree to which work activities are organized around teams, rather than individuals.
Group emphasis
102、One of the first reality checks on scheduling that a project manager should make is to review the _____.
draft schedule
103、_____ is a project management methodology that defines 45 separate subprocesses and organizes these into eight process groups.
PRojects IN Controlled Environments
104、_____ the project includes work required to introduce any new hardware, software, and procedures into normal operations.
Executing
105、_____ progress from initiation activities to planning activities, executing activities, monitoring and controlling activities, and closing activities.
Project management process groups
106、The additional percentage or dollar amount by which actual costs exceed estimates is known as a(n) _____.
overrun
107、Subdividing the project deliverables into smaller pieces is known as _____.
decomposition
108、A(n) _____ is the person who ensures that the team is productive, facilitates the daily Scrum, enables close cooperation across all roles and functions, and removes barriers that prevent the team from being effective.
ScrumMaster
109、A(n)_____ is a series of actions directed toward a particular result.
process
110、_____ are sets of interacting components working within an environment to fulfill some purpose.
Systems
111、The _____ is a very important tool in project management because it provides the basis for deciding how to do the work.
WBS
112、After reviewing the project management plan, project charter, enterprise environmental factors, and organizational process assets, the project team uses expert judgment, analytical techniques, and meetings to develop the _____.
schedule management plan
113、The time frame for a(n) _____ estimate is often three or more years prior to project completion.
rough order of magnitude (ROM)
114、_____ is “the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements.”
Project management
115、A(n) _____ is a table that lists requirements, their various attributes, and the status of the requirements to ensure that all are addressed.
requirements traceability matrix
116、The question, “What is the project’s schedule?” is an example of a(n) _____ constraint.
time
117、A risk register is the output of _____.
risk management
118、The main outputs of the _____ process are activity cost estimates, basis of estimates, and project document updates.
cost estimating
119、A work package is a task at the _____ level of the WBS.
lowest
120、_____ are revenues minus expenditures.
Profits
121、_____ costing considers the total cost of ownership, or development plus support costs, for a project.
Life cycle
122、_____ states that if something can go wrong, it will.
Murphy’s Law
123、_____ include people, hardware, software, or other assets.
Resources
124、Project managers must conduct cash flow analysis to determine _____.
net present value
125、_____ is the number of workdays or work hours required to complete a task.
Effort
126、_____ is an organization’s acquisition of goods and services from an outside source.
Outsourcing
127、The _____ frame of an organization relates to the company’s culture.
symbolic
128、Project _____ management consists of preparing and managing the budget for a project.
cost
129、The _____ is an international professional society for project managers founded in 1969.
Project Management Institute
130、A(n) _____ is “a group of related projects, subsidiary programs, and program activities managed in a coordinated manner to obtain benefits and control not available from managing them individually.”
program
131、The ideal outcome of the _____ process group is to complete a project successfully by delivering the agreed-upon project scope within time, cost, and quality constraints.
monitoring and controlling
132、_____ have no duration and no resources but are occasionally needed on AOA network diagrams to show logical relationships between activities.
Dummy activities
133、In a(n) _____ relationship, the “from” activity must start before the “to” activity can be finished.
start-to-finish
134、_ issues often occur during project execution, especially conflicts.
Human resource